Fiction:
Health and safety obligations require social distancing measures to be imposed in the workplace and businesses generally.
Law:
Guidance is generally unenforceable but, as a matter of legal obligation, employers and controllers of premises are required to undertake evidence-based health and safety risk assessments. If there is no evidence of a significant danger, no mitigation is required.
In contrast to most of our posts (please read when done here), this is a reasonably long article. In summary, in respect of Covid-19:
- personal injury claims are not good reason to enforce social distancing
- Employment Tribunal claims are a good reason to worry, but can be avoided
- risk assessments are biased and are putting businesses at risk
- it does not in law constitute a ‘serious and imminent danger’
- risk assessments, conducted without bias, can guard against social distancing and wearing of masks
Bullying business with risk assessments
Health and safety risk assessments are being used to bully businesses into following government guidance on social distancing and other measures. There are two separate species of claim which employers and businesses feel threatened by:
- Covid-19 personal injury claims
- Statutory employment claims e.g. health and safety claims, including automatically unfair dismissal, under Employment Rights Act 1996 sections 44 and 100.
As everyone knows, threats and bullies often go away if you stand up to them.
Covid-19 personal injury claims
Covid-19 personal injury claims are of the sort: “I contracted Covid-19 because of your failure to enforce social distancing and you are responsible for, and must pay me compensation for, my illness/death from Covid-19.”
In 99% of cases this will be an extremely difficult claim to succeed with.
There are various legal hurdles but one is most obvious: it will be next to impossible for a claimant to prove that they contracted the virus from the workplace as opposed to from their family or friends or out shopping. Covid-19 is not like industrial injuries, such as asbestosis or vibration white finger, where the disease requires unusual or prolonged exposure to materials or practices only found in the workplace.
Even if contraction from a particular place or person could be established, the claimant has to show they were owed a duty of care. That is not difficult for an employee against an employer, but this is not a ‘civic duty’ whereby any member of the UK population could automatically claim compensation. There may be floodgates arguments against making businesses liable for any illness that could be linked indirectly back to them through their employees but, in any event, at this stage the first hurdle must be jumped twice: the claimant must prove that they got the virus from the employee and then prove that the employee got the virus from the workplace.
Proving any of the above becomes many times more difficult if the theory of transmission by asymptomatic carriers is correct.
Statutory employment claims
Statutory employment claims are of the sort: “I’m not coming into work while it isn’t safe but if you don’t pay me or if you dismiss me, then I’ll sue for unfair dismissal’.
Employees are being advised to go unions or to the Health and Safety Executive if they perceive that sufficient social distancing measures aren’t being observed in the workplace and are being actively encouraged that they may refuse to attend work.
When the lawyers get involved, the legal questions include whether the employee “reasonably believed” that they or others would face circumstances of “serious and imminent danger” from Covid-19 in the workplace. If so, the Employment Rights Act 1996 may protect them from dismissal or any other detriment, such as losing pay. This particular protection under applies to all employees, regardless of length of service, and offers the attraction of potentially unlimited compensation.
Given government messaging and mainstream news, any employee may very reasonably come to believe that they face a “serious and imminent danger” from Covid-19 in the workplace. There will be many who leave work expecting to be protected from dismissal or having no pay if they walk out or refuse to attend work.
As a result, employers, small and large, who do not prepare to respond to such concerns may find themselves facing complicated and expensive Employment Tribunal disputes. They need to appreciate, and appreciate now, that at the heart of many disputes the employee will often point to the employer’s Covid-19 risk assessment, alleging it is deficient or that it has not been followed and enforced.
This is a battle where employers and businesses may find a chink in the government’s armour.
Assessing danger, not transmission
An employer who prepares a risk assessment based on evidence will be in a strong position to avoid and defend employment claims.
By contrast, a risk assessment that is not evidence based, but which assumes that the mere presence of the Covid-19 virus in the UK presents a very significant risk of danger to its employees, sets the employer up to fail, to lose control over their staff and lose subsequent Employment Tribunal complaints.
It is essential to appreciate that the health and safety assessment required is not of the risk of transmission of the Covid-19 virus. The assessment required is of the risk of significant danger. Those are fundamentally different issues.
For illustration, risk of transmission of a common cold or flu virus may be high, but the risk of significant danger to the staff is extremely small.
The HSE risk assessment is biased and flawed
The Covid-19 risk assessment promoted by the government and Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is, fundamentally, the wrong assessment. Taking the following extract, the HSE template assessment fails to answer its own key question: “Who might be harmed and how?”
The first column in the table identifies the alleged ‘hazard’. The second column answers ‘who’ but not ‘how’. There is an assumption of harm from the hazard, but the assessment fails to address what, how serious, or how likely that harm is.
The flaw in the assessment is startlingly obvious from the hazard identified of ‘mental health and wellbeing affected through isolation’ as shown below:
Again, the assessment fails to address what, how serious, or how likely that harm is. The controls offered in the third column, however, suggest that no question is asked of whether isolation is justified in the first place.
There is, accordingly, no consideration of whether the risk of dangers from isolation may be rather greater than risk of danger from contracting or spreading covid-19. No attention is paid to balance, or proportionality, when assessing dangers of the hazard alleged against the further dangers arising from control measures suggested. The HSE assessment is biased. It is rigged from the start.
A balanced risk assessment
In a “suitable and sufficient” risk assessment, using the regulatory language, an employer is entitled to have regard to the harm that may be caused by the measures it takes. These may include, for example, the physical and mental well-being of its staff arising from isolation, from redundancy or reduced pay, from job insecurity, from working in an environment of induced fear, and for the effects of all of these things on the employees’ families.
The assessment may also have regard to likely consequences in the long term and the interests of the company’s employees. In fact, directors of any company have a general duty under the Companies Act 2006, section 172, to have regard to these, among other matters.
This is not to say Covid-19 does not present some risk of danger to consider or address. As for the extent of that risk, however, an employer should make reasonable enquiries as to current knowledge of risks and dangers.
In practice, employers often rely on health and safety consultants to do this this for them. They and the employers may be quite reasonably entitled, for example, to consider it better to rely on analysis of available data from sources such as the Office for National Statistics or the NHS i.e. data-based evidence, rather than predictions from models that have been subject to serious and legitimate criticism.
Note should of course be taken of any published guidance from the government or HSE, and the headline death and Covid-19 case statistics promoted in daily news. Indeed, an employer needs to consider carefully how it brings its workforce with it and to accept that the workplace is not dangerous.
Serious and imminent danger
It is not necessary to accept that Covid-19 presents a ‘serious and imminent danger’.
Listen out for this phrase being bandied about as justification for social distancing guidance and masks as if it means something. Well it does mean something, but it does not necessarily mean Covid-19.
It is phrase from The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, regulation 8, lifted directly from its parent European legislation. The regulation is specific. It requires employers to establish appropriate procedures that require its employees, save in exceptional cases, to stop work and not to resume it where there is a serious and imminent danger, and immediately to proceed to a place of safety, if that danger is unavoidable.
No case is ‘exceptional’ if it carries on for several months. If Covid-19 uninhibited presents a serious and imminent danger, is it really argued that standing at a distance of one or two metres, or wearing a mask, is effective to avoid that danger? Perhaps the risk is reduced, but it is difficult to accept the danger has been avoided.
Either every business is required to shut down their premises completely and send their workers to a place of safety (wherever that may be) or Covid-19 does not by itself constitute a ‘serious and imminent danger’. We can’t have it both ways.
Defending statutory employment claims
It should be a given that an employer wishes to keep their workforce safe. Thereafter, a debate about the levels of risk of danger from Covid-19 does not have to be settled today. The employer may consult with its employees when preparing its assessment but, ultimately, it is the employer’s assessment that counts.
Neither do employers do have to prove their assessment was correct and the employee was wrong. Employers need only show they made a reasonable assessment and that they communicated this to the employee.
So, take an employee complaining to her employer “If you won’t insist on masks being worn and everyone maintaining social distancing in the workplace, then I’m walking out now.”
With a suitable and sufficient risk assessment to hand, the employer can be ready to respond with a script along these lines:
- Here is our risk assessment
- Here is our evidence
- Our assessment is that the workplace is safe
- Let us explain that further to help you understand
And continuing if the employee is not persuaded:
- If you choose to believe that there is a serious and imminent danger despite our assessment, that is your choice.
- If you choose not to come into work, you will not be paid.
- If you choose to remain away from work, it may become necessary to consider terminating your employment.
Where the employee has an underlying health condition, the issue is likely to be pursued as a disability discrimination complaint as well. There will also be cases where an employee alleges they are victimised because they’ve spoken up about health and safety measures and whistleblowing complaints are pursued. Such complaints can be dealt with straight forwardly in a similar fashion. Nevertheless, for employment lawyers, the government has created the perfect storm.
In conclusion
On 4th July, in England the government revoked the lockdown restrictions in almost their entirety and replaced them with a “No. 2” set by the same title, The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2020. Those regulations leave the guidance largely unsupported by any legal force. Government expectation, and the reality, seems to be that risk assessments galore will be a sufficiently effective tool to ensure its guidance is implemented.
It is hoped that this article may give some ideas as to how the government guidance can and should, legitimately and with a sense of civic duty, often be rejected.
Do your bit
There is certainly opportunity for someone sufficiently interested in the evidence around Covid-19, and the extent to which it does or doesn’t present risk of danger, to put together a dossier of evidence that businesses could rely upon in their risk assessments. Please get in touch if you are interested in doing this.)
- Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
- The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
- The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2020, schedule 2
Wales
In Wales, the situation is more complicated because social distancing requirements and need to ‘have regard to’ Welsh Government guidance, has been given the force of law. Nevertheless, most of the above is relevant to Wales also.
Warning: Law and circumstances can change very quickly. Please note the date of publication of any blog post and check for any updates on the issues addressed. In any event, we do not condone or encourage breaching the law and neither the above nor any information posted on this website constitutes legal advice. It must not be relied upon as such and specialist legal advice should be taken in relation to specific circumstances. Please read our disclaimer.
Hello. This is very useful thank you so much for publishing this and many of the other articles here. I run (well did run) a very successful community micropub in Wales and I wondered if you ever got any more information in the Do Your Bit section from anyone re dossier of evidence that might be useful if a business like mine was to challenge in this way, yes I can confirmed that I feel very bullied and backed into a corner of just not reopening as I refuse to allow this nonsense into my premises in any form. I do not in any way wish to be seen to be colluding with the government on their approach to this and so feel it is impossible to reopen.
Hi,I have a problem that is not covered in details here,I work in retail ( it is a charity but I am a paid member of staff) and the employer want me to sign an update of the risk assessment regarding face masks basically forcing me to ” actively encouraging” wearing face covering in the shop and in case denying entry.
I object to that as,according to Government regulations, I am not a relevant person ( constable,police officer etc) and more importantly because I,myself, being exempted for medical reasons I feel psychologically abused in forcing others to do what I am not required to do to myself.
As these regulations are fiction anyway what can I do if my employer force me to follow them?
Can they dismiss me and do I have ground to claim unfair dismissal?
Please I really need help
Thanks
Time to blow the whistle on shops may help.
Time to blow the whistle on shops may help.
Hi, I’m working i work in a special school, we have to wear full PPE.Lots of the staff have raised concerns the ones suffering with asthma,hidden disabilities. We have been told its non negotiable and we need a letter from a consultant. We not aloud to have a drink in classroom, as you can imagine in this hot weather we have all been struggling. Felt I was going to pass out at times. Also having to wear all the PPE outside, the masks are killing us all. Lots of us have been struggling, and have come out in rashes from the sweat. Is there anything we can refer to. As the head has said its tough we have to wear it all. so sad for us, and for the children who can’t see us smile. No singing.. awful:(
The stress and harm caused by this is indeed awful, but sadly, this is just one story amongst many that have been caused by the draconian rules set out by our current dictatorship. Is this still ongoing? If so, have you considered a common law approach? There are quite a few groups springing up in places like telegram that teach you how to deal with this in the private. Just do a search (in telegram) for clc.
Hi work for a charity in community centre as a cleaner. Currently no education on premises which as been a rare occurrence since Aug 2020. A food Bank is operating one afternoon per week. After the latest restrictions my employer is still requiring me to work 80% of my contract. Insists I wear a mask because of the risk of virus ” left in the air”although I have no contact with anyone as I work alone. My manager( full time” and secretary(part time) only work “when necessary”. I have challenged this as it seems pointless cleaning with no purpose. I think it’s only necessary to work probably about 25% of my contracted hrs to fulfill what is classed as essential. It may be likely to have educational services return “whenever”. In the meantime I’m torn between insisting I only work when essential and continuing with what seems to me one rule for and another for them.
I worried I might loose my job so I comply and grateful I haven’t lost it, although my enthusiasm for work has depleted as has my mental health. Having really limited social interactions is driving me mad.